Delbrck, Hans (1990) [1920]. [2] The grand duchy's capital was Florence. In 1847, Leopold, following the death of the then-incumbent Duchess of Parma, Marie Louise of Austria, and the secret Treaty of Florence (1844), annexed the Duchy of Lucca, a state created solely to accommodate the House of Bourbon-Parma until they could re-assume their Parmese sovereignty. He also cites the fact that many Italians served as mercenaries outside of Italy, though he admits that (other than the well-known mercenary tradition of Corsica) there is no information on their state origins. United States Department of State. During his reign, Florence purchased the island of Elba from the Republic of Genoa (in 1548),[8] conquered Siena (in 1555)[9] and developed a well-equipped and powerful naval base on Elba. Benito Mussolini was made Chief of the Congress, and he conceded much more power to the Dux of Tuscany. Ferdinando's elder son, Cosimo, mounted the throne following his death. He revamped the taxation and tariff system. A lot of technology and development was brought there. The Grand Duchy was then dissolved, and replaced by the Kingdom of Etruria under the house of Bourbon-Parma, in compensation for their loss of Duchy of Parma. Their union wrought a high level of discontentment, but despite the tension they had three children, Ferdinando, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine and the last Medicean grand duke of Tuscany, Gian Gastone de' Medici. For He was unpopular among his subjects, though his many reforms brought the Grand Duchy to a level of stability that had not been seen in quite a while. Together they had two children: Cosimo, in 1642, and Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, in 1660. [58] To be eligible, one had to be male and a noble. Etruria lasted less than a decade. Cosimo I de' Medici (12 June 1519 - 21 April 1574) was the second Duke of Florence from 1537 until 1569, when he became the first Grand Duke of Tuscany, a title he held until his death.. Life Rise to power. The first series was planned by Lord Acton and edited by him with Stanley Leathes, Adolphus Ward and George Prothero. The Government of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany refused to recognize Leopold II lent his support to the Kingdom of Sardinia in the Austro-Sardinian War. Despite all of these incentives to economic growth and prosperity, the population of Florence, at dawn of the 17th century, was a mere 75,000 souls, far smaller than the other capitals of Italy: Rome, Milan, Venice, Palermo and Naples. Ferdinand I expanded the Tuscan fleet after expanding the arsenal at Livorno, and oversaw many raids by both the navy and Order, including on Chios in 1599 (a failure), Prevesa in 1605 (5 galleys with 400 Tuscan militia; a success), various Turkish ports in 1606 (6 galleys, some roundships, and 750 Tuscan soldiers; a success), and Bone in 1607 (8 galleys, 9 bertoni, and 1 galleon, with 2,300 soldiers; a success). [30] The exchequer was barely adequate to cover the state's current expenditure, resulting in a complete termination of banking operations for the Medici. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany ( Italian: Granducato di Toscana; Latin: Magnus Ducatus Etruriae) was an Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Republic of Florence. The earliest of such office in the Tuscan port of Leghorn A provisional republic was established in his stead. Please add suggestions on the talk page. Europe heard of the perils of Tuscany, and Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor asserted a remote claim to the grand duchy (through some Medici descent), but died before he could press the matter. Gian Gastone would repeal his father's puritan laws. The government was finally dissolved upon its annexation to the United Provinces of Central Italy in 1859. The fortunes of the Medici were directly tied to the Tuscan economy. By 1705, the grand ducal treasury was virtually bankrupt, and the population of Florence had declined by approximately 50%, while the population of the entire grand duchy had decreased by an estimated 40%. He died at Innsbruck from a stroke in 1765; his wife pledged the rest of her life to mourning him, while co-ruling with her son, and Francis' imperial successor Joseph II. An anonymous Venetian intelligence report from the late 16th century stated that Tuscany could spend 800,000 ducats annually on war (half as much as the Spanish-held Kingdom of Naples despite having a quarter of its population), and could raise 40,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry, counting soldiers, militia, and mercenaries from nearby Corsica and Romagna, a force massively out of proportion to its population. The Order in 1604 counted among its fleet 6 galleys, 3 roundships/bertoni, 2 transports, 1 galleon, and 1 galleass, supplemented by other ships financed by corsairs flying the Tuscan banner. This page was last updated at 2023-01-01 05:41 UTC. "[7], Following the Republic's surrender in the Siege of Florence, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issued a proclamation explicitly stating that he and he alone could determine the government of Florence. . The Treaty of the Hague reconfirmed the statuses of Tuscany and Parma-Piacenza as imperial fiefs. Cosimo III was of a puritan character, banning May celebrations, forcing prostitutes to pay for licenses and, beheading sodomites. Tuscany was divided into two main administrative districts: the stato nuovo (the new state) consisting of the former Republic of Siena, and the stato vecchio (the old state), the old Republic of Florence and her dependencies. Leopold was succeeded by Ferdinand III. Tuscany was governed by a viceroy, Marc de Beauvau-Craon, for his entire rule. Cosimo also . United States and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. liberal political systems. May 29, 1794 through on December 7, 1796. They reverted to the crown with the ascension of Gian Gastone. The Senate, composed of forty-eight men, chosen by the constitutional reform commission, was vested with the prerogative of determining Florence's financial, security, and foreign policies. Franklin, Thomas In 1687 the Tuscans sent an additional 4 galleys, plus 2 hired foreign galleys, carrying 860 more soldiers, including German mercenaries. The duchy was restored to Bourbon rule in 1847, after which it was formally abolished and integrated into a new Italian state. Although the artistic development on Tuscany became less and less, Tuscany started becoming more and more powerful. He was briefly deposed by a provisional government in 1849, but restored to power the same year by Austrian troops. View original page. Torture was also banned. Additionally, the senate appointed the commissions of war and public security, and the governors of Pisa, Arezzo, Prato, Voltera and Cortona and ambassadors. The negotiations had been between Spain and France, and the Etrurian regent was kept entirely in the dark, only being informed that she would have to leave her young son's kingdom on 23 November 1807. Smallpox vaccination was made systematically available (Leopold's mother Maria Theresa had been a huge supporter on inoculation against smallpox), and an early institution for the rehabilitation of juvenile delinquents was founded. Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia captured Tuscany in its entirety, and held it for the duration of the conflict; Leopold fled Tuscany as a result. For the decades thereafter, the grand dukes only maintained a peacetime force of 2,500 soldiers, 500 cavalry to patrol the coasts and 2,000 infantry to man castles (Cosimo I having significantly expanded Tuscany's fortification network in an effort to defend the country). Tuscany during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; House of Commons, John Bowring, 1839, p 6, Austria and Spain were ruled by the House of Habsburg; the two are interchangeable terms for the time period in question, Joachim Whaley, "Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume II: The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich, 1648-1806", from the Oxford History of Early Modern Europe, p. 137. The army consisted of from 7,000 to 8,000 men, who were levied by a sort of conscription, and served for six years. "The Twilight Of A Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560-1800." In the early years of the American Revolution, the Continental Congress On 30 May 1808, Etruria was formally annexed to France. In 1631, the grand duke sent 7,000 troops (6,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry) to join Wallenstein's army in support of the Emperor during the Thirty Years War. Grand Duchy of Tuscany. By January 1785, the process of negotiating such an agreement never came to be for unknown reasons.[1]. Transl. The Duke of Lucca decided to abdicate his throne in favor of the Grand Duke of Tuscany Leopoldo II, while the Lucca territories of Montignoso, Gallicano, Minucciano and Castiglione di Garfagnana were given to Modena. [31] The economy was so decrepit that barter trade became prevalent in rural market places. His wife, Eleanor of Toledo, died in 1562, along with four of his children due to a plague epidemic in Florence. The Second Austro-Sardinian war broke out in the summer of 1859. The first contingent of 3,000 troops arrived in 1758, followed by a second contingent of 1,500, and subsequent smaller ones to replace losses from battle and disease. 1st Grand Master of the Order of St. Stephen. Tuscany then ceded its Lunigiana territories to Modena with the exception of Pontremoli which passed to the Duchy of Parma. In 1569, Cosimo de' Medici had ruled the Duchy of Florence for 32 years. Chiarugi and his collaborators introduced new humanitarian regulations in the running of the hospital and caring for the mentally ill patients, including banning the use of chains and physical punishment, and in so doing have been recognized as early pioneers of what later came to be known as the moral treatment movement.[51]. [60], Over time, the Medici acquired several territories, which included: the County of Pitigliano, purchased from the Orsini family in 1604; the County of Santa Fiora, acquired from the House of Sforza in 1633; Spain ceded Pontremoli in 1650, Silvia Piccolomini sold her estates, the Marquisate of Castiglione at the time of Cosimo I, Lordship of Pietra Santa, and the Duchy of Capistrano and the city of Penna in the Kingdom of Naples. Cosimo experienced several personal tragedies during the later years of his reign. [13] The administration of the state was delegated to bureaucrats. At the end of the Habsburg period, the Italian peoples, who still thought of the Habsburg as invaders, and the Medici survivors, started rebelling against the Habsburg on the Duchy. Monroe on November 6, 1817. the more powerful states in the peninsula, as well as having one of the most [32] Ferdinando II died in 1670, succeeded by his oldest surviving son Cosimo. Walter J. Renfroe, Jr. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. A notable incident in this time was a naval battle off Sardinia in October 1624, in which 15 Tuscan, Papal, and Neapolitan galleys converged on a flotilla of 5 Algerian pirate vessels (including a large flagship). Leopold felt obliged to espouse Austria's cause. Gian Gastone was not as steadfast in negotiating Tuscany's future as his father was. It was conquered by the Romans 280 BC. Following Ferdinand's death, his elder son, Leopold II, succeeded him. They were divided because the stato nuovo was a Spanish fief and the stato vecchio an Imperial one. His descendants ruled, and resided in, the grand duchy until its end in 1859, barring one interruption, when Napoleon Bonaparte gave Tuscany to the House of Bourbon-Parma (Kingdom of Etruria, 18017). A few years later Leopold undertook the project of building a new hospital, the Bonifacio. The document in question was officiated on the 27th of that month. the Grand Duchy of Tuscany signed prior to the Grand Duchys incorporation The Tuscan dialect of Italian became the standard Italian language. They launched several big ships at Portoferraio after 1601, with an armament of 40 guns each yet only 60 seamen each. In 1657, Leopoldo de' Medici, the Grand Duke's youngest brother, established the Accademia del Cimento, which set up to attract scientists from all over Tuscany to Florence for mutual study. [57] In April 1532, the Pope convinced the Bala, Florence's ruling commission, to draw up a new constitution. Despite all of these incentives to economic growth and prosperity, the population of Florence, at dawn of the 17th century, was a mere 75,000 souls, far smaller than the other capitals of Italy: Rome, Milan, Venice, Palermo and Naples. The first representative of Tuscany in the United States was John Ferdinando eagerly assumed the government of Tuscany. Like the Empire's other loyal Italian subjects, the Tuscans were "hawks" who supported prosecuting the war to its conclusion. Ferdinando's elder son, Cosimo, mounted the throne following his death. By the Treaty of Fontainebleau (27 October 1807), Etruria was to be annexed by France. Francis Stephen altered the laws of succession in 1763, when he declared his second son, Leopold, heir to the grand duchy. In 1605, Ferdinando succeeded in getting his candidate, Alessandro de' Medici, elected as Pope Leo XI. Parliament. From 1560 to 1609, the Tuscan fleet captured 76 galiots, 7 galleys, 2 large roundships, and 67 minor craft, taking 9,620 slaves and liberating 2,076 Christians. He used his skill at choosing collaborators to put a young physician, Vincenzo Chiarugi, at its head. relations. clear that the Grand Duke would not recognize the United States, Izards Under him, Tuscany was ruled by a viceroy, Marc de Beauvau-Craon, Prince de Craon. In addition to its regular army, the duchy maintained a citizen-militia. Soderini was deposed on 1512, when Cardinal Giovanni de Medici entered Florence with Papal troops. [10] Cosimo also was a long-term supporter of Pope Pius V, who in the light of Florence's expansion in August 1569 declared Cosimo Grand Duke of Tuscany, a title unprecedented in Italy. [50], Leopold also introduced radical reforms to the system of neglect and inhumane treatment of the mentally ill. On 23January 1774, the legge sui pazzi (law regarding the insane) was established, the first of its kind to be introduced in Europe, allowing steps to be taken to hospitalize individuals deemed insane. If Leopold's line were to become extinct, it would revert to the main line. As it was the most progressive and tolerant nation on Italy, many scientists, artists and other famous people such as the famous royalist Benito Mussolini, the inventor of nuclear energy Enrico Fermi, and other. The Treaty of the Hague reconfirmed the statuses of Tuscany and Parma-Piacenza as imperial fiefs.[42]. Related: Grand Duchy of Tuscany - Kingdom of Sardinia - Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia - Duchy of Lucca He died at Innsbruck from a stroke in 1765; his wife pledged the rest of her life to mourning him, while co-ruling with her son, and Francis' imperial successor Joseph II. [1], During the American Revolution and the American Revolutionary War the Continental Congress appointed Ralph Izard Commissioner to the Court of the Grand Duke of Tuscany on July 1, 1777. The fortunes of the Medici were directly tied to the Tuscan economy.[22]. The Golden Florin was made, the first gold-based coin made on great quantities since the Byzantine 7th century coins, enough to play a significant roll on commerce on the trade routes based on Florence. But on one moment, Clement VII (Another Medici) made a treaty with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Over the ages, even if Fiorentine trade fell, culture continued on a high peak. [1], The Grand Duchy recognized the United States in 1794 when it received the first U.S. consular agent to serve within the grand duchy, Philip Felicchi who was stationed at Livorno from May 24, 1794, to December 7, 1796. In 1535, a delegation was sent to Charles V to ask him to depose Alessandro De'Medici, sent by the several illustrious families such as the Pazzi, which had tried to kill Lorenzo the Magnificient on the Pazzi Conspiracy. Grand Duke Ferdinand I sought to expand Tuscany's naval strength during his reign, and cooperated with the Order of Saint Stephen, which often blurred the line between itself and the Tuscan navy. Coat of Arms (1562-1737) House of Habsburg-Lorraine. The interest rate was lowered by 0.75%. Ferdinand III resumed his rule, and died in 1824. Francesco is best remembered for dying on the same day as his second wife, Bianca Cappello, spurring rumours of poisoning. The Etruscans were the most powerful nation on Italy until the rise of Rome. [39] He sent munitions to the Emperor during the Battle of Vienna. Years later Leopold undertook the project of building a new hospital, the process of negotiating such an agreement came. 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