superheroes who got powers from radiation

Superheroes, in most movies, refer to the people with super abilities and forces that a normal human being lacks. Or, in comic books, increase your proclivity for wearing colorful spandex. There is non-ionizing radiation, which registerslower energy and intensity levels, and is treated as relatively harmless. This leads him to a newfound purpose and focus on his powers and what he can accomplish in terms of saving humanity and his fellow Norse brethren. The Ant-Man movie got a lot of things right about the character, and like Ralph, Scott Lang had to go through some trial . The Thing, Human Torch, Invisible Woman, and Mr. Fate, has displayed the power behind learning to be better magicians. The X-Men. In the comics and films, the cosmic rays that hit the Fantastic Four gave each of them different powers. The Nuclear Option: 15 Radioactive Superheroes and Villains 1 DR. MANHATTAN. Most of the powers will be based on what characteristics meteorites or asteroids has. The fact that the issue comes up so overtly and people around him die of cancer is what sets this book apart from others. July 14, 2022 by Darrell Spencer. Sign up for FlipScience updates delivered straight to your inbox. Scenes from movies like Star Trek II and The Wrath of Khan have shown radioactive components to magnify the body's ability. Compare Radiation-Induced Superpowers, for when nuclear radiation is simply the source of one's powers the . While having excitement (of any kind) be the Hulk's trigger would make sense from a logical perspective, from a human one I just can't see how he could avoid being pissed off if he was never going to have an orgasm again. Ant-Man will survive by making himself small enough to move through the atomic particles. All rights reserved. Radiation would give the average person radiation poisoning or cancer, but for some reason, Peter Parker gets superpowers. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. In some cases, radiation even led to death. Depending on the type of spider, this could range from a painful sensation on the skin to an absolutely horrifying death. 2) Add Powerful New Habits! You can also try wearing superhero-themed outfits and dress up like your favorite hero or heroine. They allow one to crush even the hardest known metals on Earth. You might be just an ordinary person now, but there are some ways to feel like a superhero. There are also stories of werewolves and vampires that showed advanced powers, which enabled people to fly and even transform. Fantastic come together to save the world. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Superpower Wiki is a FANDOM Anime Community. ICONS ADVERSARIES PAGE 151. ght and built himself a career as a "freelance military consultant"in. In an effort to stop worrying about what the future holds, I took a look back at how comic books have treated radiation in the past. It has become something a joke both within and outside of the Marvel Universe. He obtained his superpower after being bitten by a spider who is exposed to radiation too. Ilove This is the origin of all superheroes on Earth. how did ishmael son of nethaniah die. Can humans become mutants? They can dodge any attack, outrun any fleeing foe, and run away from any fight they can't win. It's also the ability and desire to rescue people and be there at a moment's notice. For the most part, some of the strongest energy users are also some of the most memorable. A gamma bomb (or a nuclear disaster like Chernobyl or Fukushima) will not turn timid scientists into green-skinned behemoths. One of the most well-known of the radiation-created superheroes is Spider-Man. In one of the recent Marvel issues, Natasha Romanoff has proved that she can easily beat The Flash from DC. The only reasons that have ever been hinted at for these diverse powers are emotional, which then implies that the radiation is somehow also psychic or at least emotionally sensitive, which implies something more complex than radiation sickness. Instead, he ends up with normal-sized tomatoes, only they have combined with tobacco to form "tomacco". It was those goddesses who allowed Utsuho to gain that power in the first place as part of their plan to gather faith by advancing the technology of Gensokyo. (Marvel Comics) gained his strength and intellect when a Vibranium meteorite first fell to earth. As for radiation granting you amazing powers? We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Here are some ways on how superheroes get their powers: Radiation Radioactive materials are known to expose people to abnormal behaviors and supernatural powers. While there have been many revisions of this once-great character, the original version had it that the first Marvel Girl - Jean Grey - was transformed into a much more powerful being when she was exposed to radiation while piloting the X-Men in their damaged shuttle back to earth. Radiation Wont Give You Superpowers, But It Will Do These Other Upsetting Things To You. Typically in comic books, the transition to superhuman power involves exposure to radiation. To acquire superpowers, you would need a place steeped in high-energy radiation. The Celestial crashed on Earth and died, leaking his infection into the prehistoric soil. Don't try to tell that to anybody on the inside of the fourth wall, though, which allow him to control the person who the doll resembles, he gets turned into a gamma-powered superhuman for real, often leaves in the other unrealistic elements. (Updated November 20, 2018)Ever notice how a lot of superhero (and supervillain) origin stories seem to be rooted in the aftermath of radiation accidents? Variation of Experientially Induced Powers. Using science to explain the radiation that, in Marvel Comics' universe of superheroes, NARRATOR: Fantastic Four are back. In the comics and films, the cosmic rays that hit the Fantastic Four gave each of them different powers. It has to be true, its in all caps. Why is a relaxed state of mind so important for creative insights? 2 DR. This edit will also create new pages on Comic Vine for: Until you earn 1000 points all your submissions need to be vetted by other - July 18, 2018 10:52 am EDT. No, Thor could not survive a Nuke attack. Peter Parker gets bitten by a radioactive spider and can suddenly crawl on ceilings. Jessie Wingfoot is the daughter of She-Hulk and Wyatt Wingfoot. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Raven Darkholme (AKA Mystique) is often drawn with striking yellow eyes, and she can even be seen wearing them in the X-Men film franchise. Must be a defining trait - Characters with access to vast powers (i.e. Craving for the power of a Hulk, Emil Blonsky purposely had himself infected with triple the amount of gamma that the Hulk originally had. The fact that Bruce Banner even survived his ordeal is absurd. When youre on Spotify, sound energy radiates from the speaker to the listeners ears. Used to explain how Mike Scioscia can show up in the Moneyball parody despite getting radiation poisoning in the softball episode, In "Marge vs. the Monorail", Mr. Burns stores nine drums of nuclear waste in a single tree, causing some of the tree's branches to turn into purple tentacles and a squirrel inhabiting it to gain, The 50's attitude towards radiation is perhaps best personified in. Our countdown includes Superman vs. Clark Kent, Westview Vision vs. White Vision, Dr. What superheroes got powers from radiation? Halflife was an English professor who was exposed to gamma radiation. His powers function as if he "caught" the powers of a spider, as if the radiation functioned as a kind of Silly Putty, transferring the characteristics off the spider and on to Parker. However, she's not the only yellow-eyed character; Grendel, En Sabah Nur, and Anti-Monitor have all sported yellow eyes at one point or another. At some point it is proven (and then questioned) that long term contact with him could cause cancer. In the real world though, ultraviolet rays in sunlight can be harmful to the skin when the body is exposed to too much of it. He watches one of his assistants, a man named Otis . Let us know in the comments! In order for beneficial mutation to occur a very specific set of genes must be altered otherwise you get cancer or nothing at all. Daughter of the Demon and a human woman, Raven is a superhero from DC comics. Concept How to gain super powers that will change your life? The Hulk of a possible future in an alternate reality, who was unwillingly exposed to gamma radiation (by the Knights of Banner, who wished to recreate the accident that created the original Hulk) and transforms into The Hulk of the year 2099 whenever he wills. For characters whose origin involves nuclear power, but whose actual super-powers do not derive from them (such as Spider-Man), see Category:Marvel Comics mutates. There are also mutants whose skin changed color, among other body transformational changes. Characters with an Atomic Superpower have their powers themed around various atomic phenomena such as radiation, nuclear energy, or quantum mechanics. Where the Celestials are cosmic gardeners that seed and cultivate life throughout the Marvel Universe, these Dark Celestials seem intent on ending life on Earth. Jon Osterman was transformed into the near god-like Doctor Manhattan following an accident in an intrinsic field experiment. Some of these abilities are required to complete missions. Who are some superheroes that can manipulate nuclear energy? So even if the spiders venom were to become radioactive, Peter Parker would probably suffer the usual effects of being fanged by an arachnid. Tony Stark has no . send you an email once approved. 5) Super Learning! Traveling to space and other galaxies different from the Earth set up in movies have shown exposure to chemicals from a planet not common to man. With his hammer Mjolnir, the son of Odin is able to bring the thunder, and the lightning too, when he needs it. Maybe there was some kind of interaction between the cosmic radiation and the atmosphere. Dyna's husband Gareth, who operated under the superhero name Big Kahuna in the 1990's, ". In August 1959, a physicist named Jon Osterman forgot his watch in an intrinsic field separator. Larry Trainor got his powers when he was exposed to a radioactive field while piloting a test plane. Therefore I choose to believe that Marvel Girl was transformed by her exposure to radiation and she became a more powerful version of herself, renamed Phoenix. Thu Apr 28 2016 - 06:00. sybille gerer basketball; what type of cancer did jack kemp have; kevin harlan squirrel call; dominic roque and ella cruz; why does my septum piercing hurt on one side. Different from most mutants, Rogue's mutation allows her to temporarily absorb the powers and memories of any whom she touches. Copyright 2023 Fdotstokes.com Powered by Customify. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. For example Dr. Tomoko Abe is, Radiation breeding has been a standard method of producing new strains of crops since 1920s. So even if the spiders venom were to become radioactive, Peter Parker would probably suffer the usual effects of being fanged by an arachnid. 7) Be Productive Enough to Take On Multiple Supervillains! ; Through magical practices and the casting of spells from old mythical books, some superheroes were able to get powers. The area for ten kilometers around Chernobyl, meanwhile, is a spawning ground for Wyrm-servants. One of its successors is Quantum Mechanics Can Do Anything. However, the problem arises when cells make mistakes, reach the point of no return, and essentially commit suicide in a process known as. A member of Gamma Corps: Black, Private Ronna Phillips was modified to resemble a female version of Abomination. That happens when radiation messes with the DNA structure, knocking bits of it away or worse, breaking one or both strands of its double helix. List of Supernatural Powers and Abilities, Asteroid/Comet/Meteorite/Shooting Star Micromutation. If you recover, it means all the most severely damaged cells have died, but those that remain have a small chance of going wrong in the future, the biggest effect of which is an elevated lifetime risk of cancer. When retrieving it, the door closed behind him, trapping him inside. Solid and impassable, this reliable character is embodied by his power. Much of the abandoned towns around the power plant are quickly being infiltrated by trees and shrubs native to the region. Stop playing in the runoff from the twelfth division. "Someone without any mutations would be the real anomaly." What superhero got powers from radiation? Top 10 Superheroes Who Got Their Powers From The SupernaturalSubscribe To Top 10 Nerd: http://bit.ly/2eI6p18Superheroes get their powers a variety of ways th. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. and later joined the Defenders before enrolling at Avengers Academy. According to Loki, The Final Host is simply correcting a mistake. One of the worst ways to die. The effect of the comets, asteroids, meteorites falling or fallen on Earth or on the victims could be beneficial or not with the environment and on the people around the area it landed. A former Middletown resident, Louis Lembert was a high school athlete. Thank you for making mags - Nile G I love k zone! Firestorm (DC Comics) can use subatomic level manipulation to induce nuclear manipulation. As we are seeing, radiation in comic books never works the way that it does in life. Others were made through genetic engineering. The meteoroids potentially have progressive or regressive effects on those who come in contact with it. it gave each sibling superpowers, becoming Team Go. Bruce Banner was accidentally exposed to gamma radiation while saving Rick Jones (who manages to be a staple "normal" human amongst superheroes, despite basically being the cause of a whole slew of problems.) The fact that Bruce Banner even survived his ordeal is absurd. Though they pass through the body as much as 100 times per second, they are eventually slowed down or stopped and deflected by the Earths atmosphere and magnetic field before hitting the human body. The impact of the Celestial's presence, as well as its sickness, altered the evolution of life on Earth. We know from the comics that the Fantastic Four got their powers the same way the Hulk, Daredevil, and Spider-Man did, radiation. Gamma-irradiated friend, rival, and psychiatrist of Bruce Banner. Because of that using radiation to alter human genes is not very effective (or humane) that however doesn't apply to plants or simpler organisms. Plant life in the exclusion zone has also found a way to flourish, despite some populations being initially decimated by the fallout. Lets start with the Hulk. He can absorb energy from an enemy. Getting superpowers from a freak accident is one hell of a gamble. Dick Ahlstrom. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. In the late 50s and early 60s, there was a belief among certain scientists that the sudden appearance of a number of children of high intelligence was caused by the recent appearance of Strontium-90 from nuclear testing, which led to a fringe belief that humanity was undergoing an evolutionary leap. The Green Lantern Corps is absolutely shitty at what it does. Sometimes, it can outright kill human beings. Circumstance grants the user supernatural abilities by being in contact with or the falling and/or remnants/debris of exploded meteorites. Some examples are microwave energy from mobile phones and radio waves from radios and TVs. That is why it is best to avoid exposure at all costs. | Standout from the crowd. This may well have been the inspiration for the, Possibility of radiation causing superpowers in traditional sense is outright impossibility. She first appeared in 1980, and since then, is a consistent part of the comics continuity. Strange is magic, Captain America is from drugs. The Brave and the Bold is the go-to title for the DC superhero team-ups of comic books past. other words, a highly-paid mercenary, working wherever there were. The books either appeared magically or were for a specific person, one who was meant to come to save the world at a later date. And inverted with the Radiation powersets, which use green radiation to weaken and harm enemies and buff allies (likely based on a bit of, Human biotics (people able to manipulate dark energy, granting them, She also plays this trope literallyin one of the fighting game spinoffs, she's surprised to learn there are people beyond the barrier who. For this list, we'll be going over the occasions when superheroes battled clones, doppelgangers, alternate universe versions, and other mirror images of themselves on the big and small screens. Typically in comic books, the transition to superhuman power involves exposure to radiation. He gets bitten while getting a dental x-ray. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available from thestaff@tvtropes.org. When superheroes were invented, did writers not know what radiation did? Peter Parker gets bitten by a radioactive spider and can suddenly crawl on ceilings. 3 How can I gain super powers like Tony Stark? And they seem to magnify the normal human senses and capabilities beyond what everyone else can do. (Nathaniel) Nightshade Plastique Forerunner, (Allen) Superhuman strength, flight, energy blasts, minor atomic transmutation, and huge atomic absorption molecules manipulation and manifestation (Nathaniel) See: Powers and abilities. We know from the comics that the Fantastic Four got their powers the same way the Hulk, Daredevil, and Spider-Man did, radiation. Covering the hottest movie and TV topics that fans want. Clint Barton has been an Avenger and agent for S.H.I.E.L.D for a reason - his remarkable and out of this A few superhero characters whose backstory involved gaining powers though irradiation have since been re-written into genetic engineering being responsible to capitalize on a new area of scientific ignorance for viewers. Now, as to why a significant number of these superhero characters got their powers from such an implausible scenario Well, lets hear it from the mouth of their co-creator himself, the late Marvel Comics scribe Stan Lee: Romelyn Yamio is a physicist, academic researcher, and freelance writer. Jonathan Kent (Arrowverse/Superman & Lois) inhales X-Kryptonite was able to see extremely small objects down to the atomic level and magnify objects for his eyes to see. 21. So basically Peter suffered from radiation poisoning from the spider bite. Now, human beings get exposed to cosmic rays every day. Scenes from movies like Star Trek II and The Wrath of Khan have shown radioactive components to magnify the bodys ability. His only weakness is overuse of his powers, which can substantially affect his ability to maintain a solid form. A Super-Trope to Nuclear Mutant, which specifically talks about monsters created by radiation. Now a new recruit in the Initiative. Some superheroes are considered to be vengeful, while others are on the good side claiming to bring peace into the world. This started his transformation into the man that always came to the rescue and saving peoples lives. http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/RadiationInducedSuperpowers. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. While fears and concerns about the outcome are varied, as a source of fictional drama, comic books have always embraced the idea with a plethora of radiation-created superheroes. On the off chance that an irradiated spider bites you, dont expect to start crawling on the ceiling. It's also a good idea not to reveal your true identity because this would take away from the mystery and suspense of it all. Fantastic), with his emotional inflexibility and his mental acuity is oddly able to stretch his body like elastic. Mar-Vell usually absorbed energy from solar radiation, gaining power from the sun similar to Superman. This reboot has a new origin story about how the quartet became so fantastic, something involving alternate dimensions. 5 RED STAR. In an attempt to attain stability, these radioactive atoms emit or spit out excess energies (in the form of particles or gamma rays) from their nucleus. Basically Peter Parker got second-hand radiation poisoning, which is a) pretty unlikely and b) wouldn't actually work unless he ingested the spider (and despite all of the different retellings of his origin, there's never been one which had him eat a radioactive spider.). Furthermore, radiations effects on the spider may or may not significantly affect how its venom functions. People who artificially get their powers aren't something that scares people, because these artificial supers are a fluke. Going back to the issue of radiation, there is also the question of whether Osterman emits radiation or not. The meteorites/comets/asteroids can be used to activate or deactivate inherent abilities. As Banner always says; you wouldn't like him when he's angry or horny, according to some more recent comics and movies, but I'm dubious as to how that would work. 690 S Hwy 89Suite 200-7414Jackson, WY 83002, USA, hello@iamsuperhero.com+1 (800) 536-1444WhatsApp, 2023 I AM SUPERHERO While those enhanced senses help him to hone his body, all of his physical prowess stems from his own dedication, training and (most importantly) his bravery. Most mutants in comics such as X-Men realized their powers after getting to a particular age. However, the Four received a significantly higher dose when they were in the, As for everyones friendly neighborhood Spider-Man? Though they pass through the body as much as 100 times per second, they are eventually slowed down or stopped and deflected by the Earths atmosphere and magnetic field before hitting the human body. Who is the strongest lightning superhero? The spider bite transformed Peter into a man capable of climbing up walls, sense danger and gave him super strength to fight villains. There were apparently fraud prosecutions on people who sold 'curative' radium water that didn't contain any radium. The effects of the explosions or the debris may grant, meteorite-related powers or any powers to the victim if they survive. But now you need to account for why one superhero can control heat, and another can fly and lift a llama, all using the same power source. With his powers barely under control and the additional onus of wearing radiation-proof bandages Trainor can never have contact with others. The Marvel agents movies and stories tell of mutants born with superhuman abilities. Take a hot shower. Tony Stark-like confidence! As for everyones friendly neighborhood Spider-Man? Superheroes, are believed to obtain powers in different ways and from different sources. You can gain real super powers. be granted with any supernatural powers via comets, asteroids and meteorites, Sozin's Comet (Avatar: The Last Airbender), The Rainbow-Colored Comet (Kim Possible) hit the Go siblings. The answer is simply two letters: No. Aquaman and Ant-Man Green Arrow and Black Panther Hawkman and Wolverine Cyborg and Spider-Man John Constantine and Captain America Superman and Doctor Strange Batman and Iron Man Batman and Iron Man If Batman were to gain the powers of Iron Man, he would become much more powerful and versatile in his fight against crime. The 'cage' keeps her prisoner confined until she loses focus. Mann found that he had become immune to all forms of radiation and was impervious to injury from gunfire, flame and even electricity. Amongst all the recent worldwide natural disasters, this threat of nuclear radiation is a man-made one. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Let's start with the Hulk. More often than not, radioactive mishaps (such as nuclear experiments gone wrong, a bite from an irradiated animal, or exposure to gamma and cosmic rays) serve as the catalysts for the transformation of these colorful characters (though not always for the better). Weapons These four got their diverse powers from flying through a cloud of cosmic radiation in an inadequately shielded spaceship. In addition, the Negative Man energy being which he releases is very much a separate entity from himself and it seems that there is often negotiation and discomfort in this almost cuckoo-like arrangement. Where it vomited and bled and wept radioactive tears." The love of Bruce Banner's life, she has been one of the Hulk's greatest allies, though she is the daughter of his greatest enemy, General 'Thunderbolt' Ross. Anyway, the Hulk is a clear cut case of radiation-induced superpowers, with the caveat of those powers having seriously damaged Bruce's quality of life. Some are even considered to have gotten them from magical items or lineages that had powers. His burden is permanent radioactivity which he combats by wearing special bandages to protect others. Had this been real life, like Banner, each Fantastic Four member would have likely become a fantastic corpse. It does not store any personal data. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Powers that are related to radioactivity. We have seen that She-Hulk gained her powers through a blood transfusion from Bruce Banner, which exposed her to gamma . Powers that are related to radioactivity. This includes the ability to control the kinetic energy of atoms to generate, control, absorb, or metabolize atomic energy into greater physical attributes. Thor is arguably the best-known superhero on this list, being not only one of the biggest characters in Marvel Comics but in the Marvel Cinematic Universe as well. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Peter Parker gets bitten by a radioactive spider and can suddenly crawl on ceilings. Also, the kappa and a couple of mountain goddesses seem to have a strange love for this new power. Matt Murdock, a.k.a. Jenny Johnson/G-Girl (My Super Ex-Girlfriend). #shorts @yourcomicfreak. Spidey himself famously acquired his powers after being bitten by a radioactive spider. That is not the way to go about gaining superpowers. Dr. Bruce Banner absorbed radiation from a "gamma bomb" that he invented. SPOILERS For Avengers #5 by Jason Aaron, Ed McGuinness, Paco Medina, Juan Vlasco, Karl Story, Mark Morales, and David Curiel follow. Will's mom mentions this when they find out he doesn't have powers. His name was Jo Nah and he was eaten by a whale. Dick Grayson is exactly what any person can become with a lot of hard work, determination, drive, and patience. While superheroes often have to deal with the burden of their role, this is one of the few times that comic books get close to having radiation cause an outright disease. Later this was retroactively changed to have been a separate entity, the Phoenix is a cosmic being, entirely separate from Jean Grey, thus allowing for her return. Users may often obtain an undesired power. Matt Murdock, a.k.a. The eighth smartest person on the planet, Amadeus Cho has a hypermind which allows him to run a virtually limitless amount of calculations in his head. Lex Luthor lives in a palatial underground hideout in Metropolis at the point where he first meets Superman. 3 RED HULK. The original nuclear blast blinded one of the Trinity Hive's elders, and hive members who guard Grammaw are hairless and pale due to the effects of residual radiation. And they, along with the human test subject, watch bad movies and crack wise to make them a little less painful. Whether he uses brute strength, nuclear energy, or reality manipulation, Captain Atom is practically unstoppable. He started experimenting on himself becoming a ghoul-like creature. - Scott K-ZONE RULES - Braxton M Kzone is the best - Micah I love kzone and keep looking to see when winners are announced - Hunter Kzone is the bomb!!! Mutants are actually extremely common, says OMRF scientist Dr. Chris Sansam. These powers are broken down into 3 categories: Attack, Defense, and Movement. . Typically in comic books, the transition to superhuman power involves exposure to radiation. Thor is a god, X-Men are mutants, Ironman is armor, Giant-man and Wasp are chemical, Panther is genetics and training, Dr. Like all good superheroes your character within the "Superhero City" game has Superpowers. No one knows, it is a mystery, as is the reason for their dramatically disparate physical transformations Susan Richards, (Invisible Girl/Woman) has her overtly passive power of invisibility and force fields, which only in later years became a more actively aggressive power as her force fields became increasingly malleable (and it became societally more acceptable for women to be overtly aggressive.) Director: Matthew Vaughn | Stars: James McAvoy, Michael Fassbender, Jennifer Lawrence, Kevin Bacon. Marvel's Thor, Spider-Man and DC's Superman are iconic superheroes, but how did they get their powers?. The episode "Super Hero", where Master Shake exposes himself to toxic waste that, instead of giving him super powers, causes him to slowly melt. Peter Parker gets bitten by a radioactive spider and can suddenly crawl on ceilings. The famous Spiderman movie and story details how Peter Parker was bitten by a spider. The Blue Hulk appeares in the Marvel Mini strips, now is being written by Audrey Loeb. - Samuel I love kzone! Hiro's ability creates fewer physics problems because it's more blatantly magical, but both he and the Flash share the issue of being extremely overpowered.

Samuel Campbell Cooma, Examples Of Psychological Restraint In Aged Care, Who Said Hard Work Beats Talent, Dr Wagner Jr Y Su Esposa, Articles S

superheroes who got powers from radiation