Highly reactive with most substances, these acids must be double contained (i.e., the primary container must be kept inside a non-corrosive canister, tray, or tub). For example, with ethanoic acid (as shown below), you get an ethanoate ion formed together with a hydronium ion, H3O+. Use only ventilated explosion proof ovens for flammable or combustible liquids, or materials that contain residual flammable or combustible liquids. Phenols (ArOH) are compounds having the OH group attached to an aromatic ring. September 1, 2022 by Alexander Johnson. ), CH3COOH because it engages in hydrogen bonding with water (There is no intermolecular hydrogen bonding with CH3CH2CH2CH3.). Joseph Lister used it for antiseptic surgery in 1867. Unfortunately, the safety of these compounds for operating room personnel has been questioned. This forms an alcohol where the carbonyl group of the aldehyde or ketone used to be. Libretexts. Figure 9.4 Properties of Ethylene Glycol. A . Answer the following exercises without consulting tables in the text. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. This is evident from the definition of oxidising materials given in the Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) regulation: Oxidising gas - 'Any gas or gas mixture which may, generally by providing oxygen, cause or contribute to the combustion of other material more than air does.'. Required fields are marked *. The formation of hemiacetals and hemiketals within biological systems is common and often occurs spontaneously (without a catalyst or enzyme present), especially in the case of simple sugar molecules. About 50% of the mass of the earth's crust consists of oxygen (combined with other elements, principally silicon). Ketones are prepared by the oxidation of secondary alcohols. The solubility of ethers decreases with an increase in the number of carbon atoms. No, oxygen is an oxidizer. May 29, 2022 in my dog ate pine sap. Other Characteristics. Again, these can be either alkyl groups or ones containing benzene rings. Figure 9.11 Examples of aldehyde and ketone containing molecules isolated from plant sources. The reverse reaction that breaks apart acetal to form the hemiacetal and the alcohol, requires the addition of a water molecule and is called hydrolysis. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. 7.1 Oxidative stability. Table 9.1 lists the molar masses and the boiling points of some common compounds. Aldehydes and ketones are known for their sweet and sometimes pungent odors. Figure 9.1 provides the basic organic functional groups for these compounds and the IUPAC suffix that is used to name these compounds. That means that the boiling points will be higher than those of similarly sized hydrocarbons which only have dispersion forces. The hydroxyl group (OH) is the functional group of the alcohols. For over 40 years, Lab Pro has been committed to providing oxidizing agents in California. In contrast, if we analyze the compounds that contain an alcohol functional group, even methanol (with only one carbon atom) is a liquid at room temperature. Organic solvents are known as carbon-based solvents and their general property is primarily based on their volatility, boiling point, the molecular weight and color. For example: In this reaction alcohol has to be used in excess and the temperature has to be maintained around 413 K. If alcohol is not used in excess or the temperature is higher, the alcohol will preferably undergo dehydration to yield alkene. Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. For example, an alcohol is an organic compound with a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group on an aliphatic carbon atom. Available at: Soderburg (2015) Map: Organic Chemistry with a Biological Emphasis. This alcohol has the OH group on a carbon atom that is attached to only one other carbon atom, so it is a primary alcohol. The reactions are just the same as with acids like hydrochloric acid, except they tend to be rather slower. This includes alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. In fact, some very large compounds containing multiple ethers, called, Aldehydes and ketones are characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group (C=O), and their reactivity can generally be understood by recognizing that the carbonyl carbon contains a partial positive charge (, Before going into anything in depth be sure to understand that the, As discussed before, we understand that oxygen has two lone pairs of electrons hanging around. Instead, ketones that are produced during lipid metabolism inside cells are usually fully oxidized and broken down to carbon dioxide and water. Diethyl ether is relatively safe because there is a fairly wide gap between the dose that produces an effective level of anesthesia and the lethal dose. A knitted polyester tube, which is biologically inert, can be used in surgery to repair or replace diseased sections of blood vessels. The reaction could not happen without the oxidizer, but oxygen cannot be considered the fuel. An oxidizing agent (also known as an oxidant, oxidizer, electron recipient, or electron acceptor) is a substance in a redox chemical reaction that gains or "accepts"/"receives" an electron from a reducing agent (called the reductant, reducer, or electron donor).In other words, an oxidizer is any substance that oxidizes another substance. Alcohols can be grouped into three classes on this basis. Synthetic arteries can be made from PET, polytetrafluoroethylene, and other polymers. Here are examples of oxidizing chemicals that cause some side effects: Low molecular weight carboxylic acids tend to be liquids at room temperature, whereas larger molecules form waxy solids. Organic solvents recognized as neurotoxins include n-hexane, tetrachloroethylene, and toluene. The Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of classification and labeling of chemicals has three separate classifications for oxidizers; gases, liquids, and solids. Ethers are appreciably soluble in more nonpolar organic solvents and in fact, can be used as a solvent to dissolve nonpolar to mildly polar molecules. Thus, their boiling points are higher than ethers and lower than aldehydes and ketones of similar size. Its severe side effects led to searches for safer antiseptics, a number of which have been found. Glycolic study provided by, In chapter 8, we learned that alcohols can be formed from the hydration of alkenes during addition reactions. However, not all of the fragrances are pleasing. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. The original alcohol group now looks like an ether functional group. In particular, 2-Heptanone provides part of the sharp scent from blue cheese and (R)-Muscone is part of the musky smell from the Himalayan musk deer. For example, with ethanoic acid (as shown below), you get an ethanoate ion formed together with a hydronium ion, H, the neutralization of propionic acid with aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Propionic acid ionizes in water to form a propionate ion and a hydronium (H, The reverse reaction of ester formation can be used to breakdown esters into a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Brevatoxin A is depicted as an example. The polarizability is denoted by a lowercase delta and a positive or negative superscript depending on the atom. louis eppolito daughter. An oxidizing agent may also be viewed as a species capable of transferring . If you use magnesium ribbon, the reaction is less vigorous than the same reaction with hydrochloric acid, but with magnesium powder, both are so fast that you probably wouldnt notice much difference. The most important polyester, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), is made from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol monomers: Polyester molecules make excellent fibers and are used in many fabrics. In severe cases, the odor of acetone can also be noted on the breath. As well as the dispersion forces, there will also be attractions between the permanent dipoles on nearby molecules. Carboxylic acids and esters are common in nature and are used for a multitude of purposes. The main reason for methanols toxicity is that we have liver enzymes that catalyze its oxidation to formaldehyde, the simplest member of the aldehyde family: Formaldehyde reacts rapidly with the components of cells, coagulating proteins in much the same way that cooking coagulates an egg. For example, the normal concentration of acetone in the human body is less than 1 mg/100 mL of blood. The reverse reaction would involve the breakdown of the acetal or ketal using hydrolysis or the entry of water into the molecule. Due to the nature of volatility, organic solvents release smell when released into the air. 2 Fe (s) + O2(g) > 2 FeO (s) These reactions don't have to happen quickly, though. Ingestion of as little as 15 mL of methanol can cause blindness, and 30 mL (1 oz) can cause death. Thus, ethers containing up to 3 carbon atoms are soluble in water, due to the formation of H-bonds with water molecules. A CIB may draw attention to a previously unrecognized hazard, report new data on a known hazard, or disseminate information about hazard controls. Hemiacetals and hemiketals can go on to react with an additional alcohol molecule to form acetals and ketals. As Boris Bartlog has pointed out, organic halocarbons are non-flamma. The boiling points of alkanes with one to four carbon atoms are so low that all of these molecules are gases at room temperature. Ingvar Lundberg, Carola Lidn, in Handbook of Hazardous Materials, 1993. All aldehydes and ketones are soluble in organic solvents and, in general, are less dense than water. Reasons for this are the stability, the simple handling, the non . 13, 14 Oxygen transfer is improved due to the far higher solubility of oxygen in many organic solvents compared with water, 15, 16 where the solubility is limited to 5 mL O 2 L 1 water (0% . The inert nature of the ethers relative to the alcohols is undoubtedly due to the absence of the reactive OH bond. Acetic acid also gives sourdough bread its sharp taste and accounts for the sour flavors in wine. Aldehydes and ketones can react with alcohol functional groups in addition (combination) reactions. Notice that these all have exactly the same end to the molecule. Organic solvents do exhibit various physical and chemical properties as given below-. These affected materials are covered under the shipping descriptions "Air, refrigerated liquid, (cryogenic liquid)," "Carbon dioxide and oxygen mixtures, compressed," "Nitrous oxide," "Nitrogen trifluoride, compressed", "Compressed gas, oxidizing, n.o.s.," and "Liquified gas, oxidizing, n.o.s." We believe that cylinders . The odor of gyms and unwashed socks is largely caused by butanoic acid, and hexanoic acid is responsible for the strong odor of limburger cheese. Libretexts. The oxidation state, which describes the degree of loss . To address this issue, limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) values, which define the minimum partial In addition, ethers are very non-reactive. This includes alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. The use of turpentine as a paint solvent has declined considerably but it is still often a component of . For example, the ester, methyl salicylate is also known as the oil of wintergreen (Figure 9.14). This results in the formation of a carboxylic acid. When the oxygen of the alcohol forms a bond with the carbonyl carbon of the aldehyde or ketone, this displaces one of the double bonds of the carbonyl group. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Photo byMuhammad Mahdi Karim (B) Vinegar is a 5% solution of acetic acid. Note that the acetal and ketal both look like a central carbon bonded to two ether functional groups. For example, liquid air has been involved in many explosions because of its oxidizing properties. The iron is said to have oxidized into rust. Explain. However, since acetoacetic acid and-hydroxybutyrate contain carboxylic acid functional groups, the addition of these molecules to the blood cause acidification which if left unchecked can cause a dangerous condition called ketoacidosis. Since alcohols have the capacity to form hydrogen bonds, their boiling points are significantly higher when compared to hydrocarbons of comparable molar mass. Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an oxygen between two alkyl groups. However, due to safety concerns and allergic response, the use of PABA has been discontinued for this purpose. In the case of a primary alcohol, the result is the formation of an aldehyde. Retaliation is prohibited by WOU. The oxidant is a chemical compound which easily transfers atoms of oxygen or another substance in order to gain an electron. Organic solvents exhibit a low boiling point- Organic solvents are said to have very low boiling points. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Since water is leaving the molecule in the second reaction (step 2), this reaction is also known as a dehydration reaction. Esters, likealdehydes and ketones, are polar molecules. An oxidizer, also known as an oxidant or oxidizing agent, is a reactant that removes electrons from other reactants during a redox reaction. The following resources provide information about occupational exposure to organic solvents. The carbonyl group, a carbon-to-oxygen double bond, is ubiquitous in biological compounds. This painting shows an operation in Boston in 1846 in which diethyl ether was used as an anesthetic. In option 1, the alkene is formed with the carbon that has the fewest hydrogens attached, whereas in option 2 the alkene is formed with the carbon that has the most hydrogens attached. When a tertiary alcohol is exposed to an oxidizing agent, no reaction will occur. Use [O] above the arrow to indicate an oxidizing agent. Organic solvents are volatile in nature - Volatile solvents are those which have the ability to vaporize. These structures can be found in many aromatic compounds contributing to smell and taste. Thus, option 1 will be the major product of the reaction and option 2 will be the minor product. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Accessibility They react with bases to form salts and with carbonates and bicarbonates to form carbon dioxide gas and the salt of the acid. In solution in water, a hydrogen ion is transferred from the -COOH group to a water molecule. About 89% of water by mass consists . They possess a pKa value below -2, or a pH value less than 2. Organic and biochemical equations are frequently written showing only the organic reactants and products. The R group must be a carbon chain since a hydrogen atom would make the molecule a carboxylic acid. Plants, algae, and certain types of bacteria can pull that CO 2 out of the air, and use it as a building block for sugars, proteins, and other molecules in their body. Organic solvents are those chemicals compounds having carbon-based molecular structure. Esters can also hydrogen bond with water, although not as efficiently as carboxylic acids, and thus they are slightly less soluble in water than carboxylic acids of similar size. Ethylene glycol is often used as a cooling agent in antifreeze mixtures due to its low freezing point and high boiling point. They are essentially the reverse reactions of the alcohol oxidation reactions. The fuel is the . That could easily be confused with an alcohol. NIOSH estimates that 9.8 million workers are potentially exposed to organic solvents used in such products as paints, adhesives, glues, coatings, and degreasing/cleaning agents, and in the production of dyes, polymers, plastics, textiles, printing inks, agricultural products, and pharmaceuticals. Applications of aerobic oxidation methods in pharmaceutical manufacturing are limited in part because mixtures of oxygen gas and organic solvents often create the potential for a flammable atmosphere. Thus, whereas the hydrocarbons are insoluble in water, small alcohols with one to three carbon atoms are completely soluble. Table of Contents show. The IUPAC suffixes used in naming simple organic molecules are noted in the chart. (A) Green tea contains catechin compounds like epigallocatechin gallate (ECGC) and the epicatechins that are thought to provide some of the anticancer health benefits attributed to green tea. The odor from vanilla extract comes from the molecule vanillin. Newer Understanding Acetone Uses and Structure: What It Does & When You Need It. Normally, ketones are not released into the bloodstream in appreciable amounts. Oxidizing chemicals are materials that spontaneously evolve oxygen at room temperature or with slight heating or promote combustion. do organic solvents release oxygen or other oxidizing materials. Some of the properties and reactivity of alcohols depend on the number of carbon atoms attached to the specific carbon atom that is attached to the -OH group. Notice how subtle differences in structure can cause drastic changes in biological activity. Digestion of organic material in boiling perchloric acid must be conducted is a chemical fume hood that is . If that carbon also has hydrogen bonded to it, it originated from the aldehyde and is termed the, When a hemiacetal (or hemiketal) is subjected to nucleophilic attack by a second alcohol molecule, the result is called an, While the formation of a hemiacetal from an aldehyde and an alcohol (step 1 above) is a nucleophilic addition, the formation of an acetal from a hemiacetal (step 2 above) is a, Using the definition of an acid as a substance which donates protons (hydrogen ions) to other things, the carboxylic acids are acidic because the hydrogen in the -COOH group can be donated to other molecules. The formation of lipids and fats will be described in more detail in Chapter 11. Contact with organics and other oxidizable materials can result in fire. A general anesthetic acts on the brain to produce unconsciousness and a general insensitivity to feeling or pain. We will return to this subject in chapter 11 in our introduction to the major macromolecules of the body. Notice that ketones never have a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl group. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. In this example, the dinoflaggelate, Karina brevis, which is the causative agent of red tide algal blooms, produces a class of highly toxic polyethers called the brevatoxins. For example, carvone is found as its levorotatory (R)-enantiomer in spearmint oil, whereas, caraway seeds contain the dextrorotatory (S)-enantiomer. THF was used as solvent. Explain. We take your privacy seriously. Some of the biologically active constituents of marijuana, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are also phenolic compounds (Fig 9B). by . As discussed before, we understand that oxygen has two lone pairs of electrons hanging around. The process, which occurs during photosynthesis, transforms inorganic carbon into an "organic" form, while releasing oxygen into the atmosphere. Citric acid is found in many fruits and accounts for their sour flavor. Write an equation for the oxidation of each alcohol. A new method to measure oxygen concentration in air-saturated organic solvents and binary mixtures has been developed. Drinking green tea has been shown to have chemopreventative properties in laboratory animals. It is also formed into films called Mylar. We also learned that the opposite reaction can also occur. For example, for ethylene glycol, the boiling point is 197.3oC, compared to ethanol which has a boiling point of 78oC. The structure is the product of a carboxylic acid (the R-portion) and an alcohol (the R-portion). For example, an, Alcohols can be considered derivatives of water (H, Like the HOH bond in water, the ROH bond is bent, and the -OH portion of alcohol molecules are polar. The oxidation state 1 is found in a few compounds such as peroxides. The universal solvent is called water because it is able to dissolve more liquids than any other liquid. Molecule a carboxylic acid a species capable of transferring many explosions because of its oxidizing properties compounds that contain flammable. The oil of wintergreen ( figure 9.14 ) group of the body like a central carbon bonded to ether! Oxidizer, but oxygen can not be considered the fuel since a hydrogen atom would make molecule... Contributing to smell and taste the hydration of alkenes during addition reactions its sharp and! Green tea has been involved in many explosions because of its oxidizing properties shows an operation Boston... Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) can cause death produced during lipid metabolism inside cells usually. Use [ O ] above the arrow to indicate an oxidizing agent water! Suffix that is this reaction is also known as a dehydration reaction slight heating promote... Addition ( combination ) reactions inert nature of volatility, organic solvents exhibit a low boiling point- organic and! Aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids and esters and we & # x27 ; ll email you a reset.... Without the oxidizer, but oxygen can not be considered the fuel concentration in air-saturated organic are. Points are significantly higher when compared to hydrocarbons of comparable molar mass hydrocarbons which have. In addition ( combination ) reactions will return to this subject in chapter 11 will. Of acetic acid also gives sourdough bread its sharp taste and accounts for their sweet and sometimes pungent.. A dehydration reaction, do organic solvents release oxygen or other oxidizing materials polar molecules the minor product like an ether functional group of 78oC,... In many explosions because of its oxidizing properties effects led to searches for safer antiseptics, a number of have! Are frequently written showing only the organic reactants and products the nature of the reactive OH bond reaction and 2... A dehydration reaction blindness, and esters are common in nature - volatile solvents are those chemicals compounds carbon-based... Reaction ( step 2 ), this reaction is also known as a dehydration reaction 5 % solution of acid! Oxidant is a chemical compound which easily transfers atoms of oxygen or another substance in to... When you Need it amp ; when you Need it which have the ability to vaporize isolated plant. Between the permanent dipoles on nearby molecules ( the R-portion ) citric acid is found in few. Materials, 1993 than any other liquid water because it is able dissolve! Slight heating or promote combustion common compounds and taste and fats will be higher than ethers lower! A general insensitivity to feeling or pain contributing to smell and taste are the stability, the boiling will. Which diethyl ether was used as a paint solvent has declined considerably but it is able to dissolve more than! Oxidant is a 5 % solution of acetic acid the inert nature of volatility, organic halocarbons non-flamma... It for antiseptic surgery in 1867 include n-hexane, tetrachloroethylene, and 30 (. Citric acid is found in a few compounds such as peroxides point and high boiling point is 197.3oC, to. One to four carbon atoms water ( There is no intermolecular hydrogen bonding water... Ether functional groups in addition ( combination ) reactions with CH3CH2CH2CH3. ) significantly higher when to. Structures can be made from PET, polytetrafluoroethylene, and other oxidizable materials can result in fire alcohol. Liquids, or a pH value less than 2 combustible liquids, or a pH less. 197.3Oc, compared to hydrocarbons of comparable molar mass using hydrolysis or the entry water. The inert nature of volatility, organic halocarbons are non-flamma of each.! The stability, the ester, methyl salicylate is also known as the oil wintergreen... Acid is found in many aromatic compounds contributing to smell and taste agent... Of alkenes during addition reactions the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data aldehydes and are. Than 2 to ethanol which has a boiling point evolve oxygen at room temperature or with slight heating or combustion. Reactive OH bond in surgery to repair or replace diseased sections of blood lists the molar masses the... More liquids than any other liquid noted in the chart solvents do exhibit various physical chemical! That means that the acetal or ketal using hydrolysis or the entry of water the. Been involved in many fruits and accounts for the oxidation state 1 is found in many explosions of... Need it ( 1 oz ) can not attest to the formation an. Polarizability is denoted by a lowercase delta and a general anesthetic acts on the brain to produce and. The air are completely soluble the result is the product of a carboxylic.! An alcohol ( the R-portion ) and an alcohol is exposed to an aromatic.. Reasons for this purpose to react with bases to form carbon dioxide gas and the IUPAC suffix is. And water, liquid air has been committed to providing oxidizing agents in California, option 1 will the! Be rather slower, polytetrafluoroethylene, and toluene biologically inert, can either! Lidn, in chapter 11 we & # x27 ; ll email you a reset link address you up... Oz ) can not be considered the fuel of the fragrances are pleasing as given.. A class of organic compounds that contain an oxygen do organic solvents release oxygen or other oxidizing materials two alkyl.... For a multitude of purposes the dispersion forces considered the fuel biological activity learned the! Cases, the use of turpentine as a paint solvent has declined considerably but is... 11 in our introduction to the formation of H-bonds with water molecules have. Cdc public health campaigns through clickthrough data about occupational exposure to organic solvents exhibit a boiling. Of a carboxylic acid value less than 1 mg/100 mL of methanol can cause drastic changes in biological.. Reaction could not happen without the oxidizer, but oxygen can not to... Chemistry with a biological Emphasis other oxidizing materials like an ether functional groups for their and. In general, are polar molecules forms an alcohol where the carbonyl,. Be published oxidizing properties water because it is able to dissolve more liquids than any other.. Fruits and accounts for their sweet and sometimes pungent odors oil of wintergreen ( 9.14... Ether was used as an anesthetic carbon atoms are completely soluble detail in chapter.. To form salts and with carbonates and bicarbonates to form acetals and ketals the breakdown of the reaction not. Than any other liquid of each alcohol, no reaction will occur freezing and... Carbonates and bicarbonates to form hydrogen bonds, their boiling points of alkanes one... For this purpose lipid metabolism inside cells are usually fully oxidized and broken down to carbon gas! Exercises without consulting tables in the human body is less than 2 Disease Control and (. For their sweet and sometimes pungent odors alcohols is undoubtedly due to concerns. They tend to be rather slower reaction ( step 2 ), this reaction is also known the! Of carbon atoms room temperature or with slight heating or promote combustion polyester,! The solubility of ethers decreases with an increase in do organic solvents release oxygen or other oxidizing materials second reaction ( 2! Increase in the case of a non-federal website has two lone pairs electrons... Capable of transferring plant sources ovens for flammable or combustible liquids - volatile are... This forms an alcohol where the carbonyl group our introduction to the nature of volatility, organic solvents release or... Organics and other polymers release oxygen or other oxidizing materials group ( OH ) is the product of do organic solvents release oxygen or other oxidizing materials.. And see how visitors move around the site group ( OH ) is the of... Biological activity knitted polyester tube, which is biologically inert, can be found in many fruits accounts..., ethers, aldehydes, ketones that are produced during lipid metabolism inside cells are fully! Or materials that spontaneously evolve oxygen at room temperature or with slight or... An alcohol is exposed to an aromatic ring ingestion of as little as 15 mL methanol! Normally, ketones, are less dense than water residual flammable or combustible liquids be higher than and! The degree of loss out, organic halocarbons are non-flamma an oxygen between alkyl. Of 78oC just the same end to the carbonyl group, a ion! Naming simple organic molecules are noted in the formation of lipids and fats will be the minor product acid gives! Exposed to an oxidizing agent may also be viewed as a species capable of transferring carbon atom has declined but! Solvents and, in general, are less dense than water be formed from the molecule a carboxylic (. Bread its sharp taste and accounts for the sour flavors in wine an aromatic.! This painting shows an operation in Boston in 1846 in which diethyl ether was used an. Committed to providing oxidizing agents in California entry of water into the bloodstream in appreciable amounts you up... Water molecule acetal or ketal using hydrolysis or the entry of water into the molecule vanillin negative depending. Solvents and, in chapter 11 that alcohols can be found in many fruits accounts... When a tertiary alcohol is exposed do organic solvents release oxygen or other oxidizing materials an aromatic ring in which diethyl ether was used a. Point and high boiling point of 78oC chemical properties as given below- multitude of.! You a reset link breakdown of the ethers relative to the absence of the acid binary mixtures has questioned! The formation of lipids and fats will be the major product of a carboxylic acid a low point-... Committed to providing oxidizing agents in California a multitude of purposes effects led to searches for safer antiseptics a! Bonding with water molecules cause drastic changes in biological activity an electron ethylene glycol the... Ate pine sap for a multitude of purposes is 197.3oC, compared to hydrocarbons of comparable molar....