In 1963, Valentina Tereshkova became the first and youngest woman in space, having flown a solo mission on Vostok 6. Russia's largest port is the Port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Krai along the Black Sea. ", " 24 April 1990 ", " "". Russian developed under a strong influence of Church Slavonic until the close of the 17thcentury; afterward the influence reversed, leading to corruption of liturgical texts. [93] During most of the 19th and early 20th century, Russia and Britain colluded over Afghanistan and its neighboring territories in Central and South Asia; the rivalry between the two major European empires came to be known as the Great Game. The country's capital and largest city is Moscow. It is a descendant of Old East Slavic, a language used in Kievan Rus', which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid 13th centuries. [422] Russia's international tourism receipts in 2018 amounted to $11.6 billion. [163] On 25 December 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, along with contemporary Russia, fourteen other post-Soviet states emerged. [107] In the meantime, both the Bolsheviks and White movement carried out campaigns of deportations and executions against each other, known respectively as the Red Terror and White Terror. [427] Saint Petersburg, the Imperial capital, is famous for its classical architecture, cathedrals, museums and theatres, white nights, criss-crossing rivers and numerous canals. [51] 55% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 26% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. [183] Putin won a second presidential term in 2004. [439], Russia is a multinational state with many subnational entities associated with different minorities. WebRussian is an East Slavic language of the wider Ino-European family. Soledar has been the centre of Russian aggression in recent days as it lies [56] Starting in 2019, instruction in Russian will be gradually discontinued in private colleges and universities in Latvia, and in general instruction in Latvian public high schools. [citation needed]. [443][444] According to the United Nations, Russia's immigrant population is the world's third-largest, numbering over 11.6 million;[445] most of which are from post-Soviet states, mainly Ukrainians. She extended Russian political control over the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth and annexed most of its territories into Russia, making it the most populous country in Europe. [51] According to the Primary Chronicle, a Varangian from the Rus' people, named Rurik, was elected ruler of Novgorod in 862. [19], A Medieval Latin version of the name Rus' was Ruthenia, which was used as one of several designations for East Slavic and Eastern Orthodox regions, and commonly as a designation for the lands of Rus'. [165] The privatisation largely shifted control of enterprises from state agencies to individuals with inside connections in the government, which led to the rise of the infamous Russian oligarchs. Russian nouns each have a gender either feminine, masculine, or neuter, chiefly indicated by spelling at the end of the word. WebThe Russians (Russian: , romanized: russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. [569] Then came Ivan Turgenev, who mastered both short stories and novels. [541] Prevalent styles of the late 20th-century were Art Nouveau,[542] Constructivism,[543] and Socialist Classicism. Following the Russian Civil War, the Russian SFSR established the Soviet Union (with three other Soviet republics), within which it was the largest and principal constituent. [60] In contrast to the other two Baltic states, Lithuania has a relatively small Russian-speaking minority (5.0% as of 2008). [22] There are two words in Russian which are commonly translated into English as "Russians" one is "code: rus promoted to code: ru " (russkiyecode: rus promoted to code: ru ), which most often refers to ethnic Russians and the other is "code: rus promoted to code: ru " (rossiyanecode: rus promoted to code: ru ), which refers to citizens of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. [354] Russia's inland waterways are the world's longest, and total 102,000km (63,380mi). [185] Putin's rule increased stability, while transforming Russia into an authoritarian state. Russian is written using the Russian alphabet of the Cyrillic script; it distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those withoutthe so-called "soft" and "hard" sounds. The Russian-imposed governor of Sevastopol, Mikhail Razvozhayev, has posted to Telegram to say that in total the air defences of the Crimean city repulsed 10 drones from Ukraine this morning. A Russian missile strike on an apartment building in Dnipro in central Ukraine has left at least 40 people dead, making it one of the deadliest single attacks of the war. [566], The first great Russian novelist was Nikolai Gogol. [335] It has a labour force of roughly 70 million, which is the world's sixth-largest. [609] The country has the world's highest vodka consumption,[610] while beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage. [256], Russia had the world's fifth-largest diplomatic network in 2019. [citation needed], Prior to the Bolshevik Revolution, the spoken form of the Russian language was that of the nobility and the urban bourgeoise. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. [99][102][103][104] In 2012, A. L. Arefyev published a new study "Russian language at the turn of the 20th21st centuries", in which he confirmed his conclusion about the trend of weakening of the Russian language after the Soviet Union's collapse in various regions of the world (findings published in 2013 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly"). [410]:67,333, In 1957, the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite, Sputnik1, was launched. . [478], Admission to an institute of higher education is selective and highly competitive:[474] first-degree courses usually take five years. [522], Early Russian painting is represented in icons and vibrant frescos. [85] In 18031806, the first Russian circumnavigation was made. [525][526] Ivan Aivazovsky, another Romantic painter, is considered one of the greatest masters of marine art. Rus' ultimately disintegrated, with the Grand Duchy of Moscow growing to become the Tsardom of Russia. . . "[188], Following a diplomatic crisis with neighboring Georgia, the Russo-Georgian War took place during 112 August 2008, resulting in Russia recognising two separatist states in the occupied territories of Georgia. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. [e][177], After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia assumed responsibility for settling the latter's external debts. [217], Russia, as one of the world's only three countries bordering three oceans,[209] has links with a great number of seas. Earlier, Crump illustrated the Russian perspective on the radio show Nieuwsweekend (5 February). For example, ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and ('mouse'), mysh or my'. WebRussian is an East Slavic language of the wider Ino-European family. [645] Chess is also a widely popular pastime in the nation, with many of the world's top chess players being Russian for decades. [523] The Russian Academy of Arts, which was established in 1757, to train Russian artists, brought Western techniques of secular painting to Russia. [69], In Kyrgyzstan, Russian is a co-official language per article 5 of the Constitution of Kyrgyzstan. [52] On February 18, 2012, Latvia held a constitutional referendum on whether to adopt Russian as a second official language. 2 mins. In the 2010 census, roughly 81% of the population were ethnic Russians, and the remaining 19% of the population were ethnic minorities;[441] while over four-fifths of Russia's population was of European descentof which the vast majority were Slavs,[442] with a substantial minority of Finnic and Germanic peoples. [271] India is the largest customer of Russian military equipment, and the two countries share a strong strategic and diplomatic relationship since the Soviet era. [44] By the 12th century, Kiev lost its pre-eminence and Kievan Rus' had fragmented into different principalities. [citation needed], In March 2013, Russian was found to be the second-most used language on websites after English. The rule of the new authorities only aggravated the crisis in the country instead of resolving it, and eventually, the October Revolution, led by Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government and gave full governing power to the Soviets, leading to the creation of the world's first socialist state. [citation needed] For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language. [179] High budget deficits coupled with increasing capital flight and inability to pay back debts, caused the 1998 Russian financial crisis, which resulted in a further GDP decline. 31 Dec 1999: Putin Presidency begins in Russia. [87], During the Napoleonic Wars, Russia joined alliances with various European powers, and fought against France. See History of the Russian language for an account of the successive foreign influences on Russian. Many Russian novels of the 19thcentury, e.g. [citation needed]. Other major urban areas include Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, and Kazan. [291] Russia maintains the world's fourth-highest military expenditure, spending $61.7 billion in 2020. The Russian president this week hailed his 'prisoner army' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes'. Russia is among the world's most educated countries, and has the sixth-highest proportion of tertiary-level graduates in terms of percentage of population, at 62.1%. [157] This, however, led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements across the country. : . Influential migr writers include Vladimir Nabokov,[582] and Isaac Asimov; who was considered one of the "Big Three" science fiction writers. "We also have to understand that it's extraordinarily threatening to Russia to have such a big military alliance that's armed to the teeth so close to the Russian border [editor's note: if NATO were to expand]." [161] In June 1991, Boris Yeltsin became the first directly elected president in Russian history when he was elected president of the Russian SFSR. [396] Vladimir Vernadsky is considered one of the founders of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, and radiogeology. [198] In September 2022, Putin proclaimed the annexation of 15% of Ukraine's landmass in its Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia regions, the largest seizure attempted in Europe since World WarII. It is the native language of the Russians, and belongs to the Indo-European language family. [415] In 1970, Venera7 became the first spacecraft to land on another planet, Venus. [377] The country's agricultural land is considered part of the "breadbasket" of Europe. [26] Fossils of Denny, an archaic human hybrid that was half Neanderthal and half Denisovan, and lived some 90,000 years ago, was also found within the latter cave. [44] The invaders, later known as Tatars, formed the state of the Golden Horde, which pillaged principalities of Rus' and ruled its southern and central expanses for over two centuries. Eventually Joseph Stalin, the General Secretary of the Communist Party, managed to suppress all opposition factions and consolidate power in his hands to become the country's dictator by the 1930s. [600] Beef Stroganoff,[601]:266 Chicken Kiev,[601]:320 pelmeni,[602] and shashlyk are popular meat dishes. [44] Moscow gradually absorbed its parent duchy and surrounding principalities, including formerly strong rivals such as Tver and Novgorod. The Russian president this week hailed his 'prisoner army' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes'. [566] From the early 1830s, during the Golden Age of Russian Poetry, literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures such as Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. [231] About half of Russia's territory is forested,[7] and it has the world's largest area of forest,[232] which sequester some of the world's highest amounts of carbon dioxide. [50], In Belarus, Russian is a second state language alongside Belarusian per the Constitution of Belarus. [253] They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy. [535] The 16th-century saw the development of the unique tent-like churches; and the onion dome design, which is a distinctive feature of Russian architecture. [25] Radiocarbon dated specimens from Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains estimate the oldest Denisovan specimen lived 195122,700 years ago. [127]:9195 On 22 June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union,[128] opening the Eastern Front, the largest theater of World WarII. [479] There are ten highly prestigious federal universities across the country. Occasionally referred to as "autonomous district", "autonomous area", and "autonomous region", each with a substantial or predominant ethnic minority. (See also: vowel reduction in Russian. [328] During the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Russia has set up filtration camps where many Ukrainians are subjected to abuses and forcibly sent to Russia; the camps have been compared to those used in the Chechen Wars. [35][36] Nomadic pastoralism developed in the PonticCaspian steppe beginning in the Chalcolithic. [citation needed]. [113] Following Lenin's death in 1924, a troika was designated to take charge. Education in Russian is still a popular choice for both Russian as a second language (RSL) and native speakers in Russia, and in many former Soviet republics. [483], Russia spent 5.65% of its GDP on healthcare in 2019. [citation needed], Mikhail Lomonosov compiled the first book of Russian grammar aimed at standardization in 1755. Russian is written using a Cyrillic alphabet. [84] The morphology features a palatalized final /t/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects). Many other Soviet and Russian space exploration records ensued. The Russian-imposed governor of Sevastopol, Mikhail Razvozhayev, has posted to Telegram to say that in total the air defences of the Crimean city repulsed 10 drones from Ukraine this morning. [48], The ancestors of Russians are among the Slavic tribes that separated from the Proto-Indo-Europeans, who appeared in the northeastern part of Europe c.1500years ago. A number of encoding conversion applications were developed. [51][72] Russian is spoken by 14.2% of the population according to an undated estimate from the World Factbook. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. On the ruins of peasant multilingua, in the context of developing heavy industry, a qualitatively new entity can be said to emergethe general language of the working class capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics. [501] Bandy is Russia's national sport, and it has historically been the highest-achieving country in the sport. It retains its classical and Soviet-era architecture; while boasting high art, world class ballet, and modern skyscrapers. [311] Russia has a long history of corruption, which is seen as a significant problem. [562], Russian literature is considered to be among the world's most influential and developed. [369] Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia are the world's fourth-largest. [f][211] Russia lies between latitudes 41 and 82 N, and longitudes 19 E and 169 W, extending some 9,000km (5,600mi) east to west, and 2,500 to 4,000km (1,600 to 2,500mi) north to south. [75], Under Peter the Great, Russia was proclaimed an empire in 1721, and established itself as one of the European great powers. [414] In 1968, Zond 5 brought the first Earthlings (two tortoises and other life forms) to circumnavigate the Moon. WebRussian (Russian: , transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language.It is the main language spoken in Russia.It is also spoken by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia.. Russian, like other [citation needed], In 2010, there were 259.8million speakers of Russian in the world: in Russia 137.5 million, in the CIS and Baltic countries 93.7million, in Eastern Europe 12.9million, Western Europe 7.3million, Asia 2.7million, Middle East and North Africa 1.3million, Sub-Saharan Africa 0.1million, Latin America 0.2million, U.S., Canada, Australia and New Zealand 4.1million speakers. Earlier, Crump illustrated the Russian perspective on the radio show Nieuwsweekend (5 February). (T syel pechenye? Russia (Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij]), or the Russian Federation,[c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Almost every consonant has a hard or soft counterpart, and the distinction is a prominent feature of the language. The following table gives their upper case forms, along with IPA values for each letter's typical sound: Older letters of the Russian alphabet include , which merged to (/je/ or /e/); and , which both merged to (/i/); , which merged to (/f/); , which merged to (/u/); , which merged to (/ju/ or /u/); and and , which later were graphically reshaped into and merged phonetically to /ja/ or /a/. Percentage of ethnic Russians by region according to the 2010 census. ? The Russian president this week hailed his 'prisoner army' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes'. [571] Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote prose satire,[572] while Nikolai Leskov is best remembered for his shorter fiction. Boris Yeltsin resigns in a shock live television announcement. Each is nominally autonomoushome to a specific. While these older letters have been abandoned at one time or another, they may be used in this and related articles. [32], The Kurgan hypothesis places the Volga-Dnieper region of southern Russia and Ukraine as the urheimat of the Proto-Indo-Europeans. Comparisons of blood-based biomarkers with Norway implicate non-ischaemic cardiac damage", "Russia's alcohol policy: a continuing success story", "Time trends in smoking in Russia in the light of recent tobacco control measures: synthesis of evidence from multiple sources", "Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population) Russian Federation", "Preventing suicide: Russian Federation adapts WHO self-harm monitoring tool", "The 'Forward Russia' Flag: Examining the Changing Use of the Bear as a Symbol of Russia", "Russian New Year: At The Heart Of A Wide Tapestry Of Winter Traditions", "Russians splurge on flowers for International Women's Day", "Russia kicks off lavish Victory Day parade following coronavirus delay", "Russia's Immortal Regiment: From Grassroots To 'Quasi-Religious Cult', "It's Russian Mardi Gras: Time For Pancakes, Butter And Fistfights", "Russia marks Cosmonautics Day in pictures", Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, "The Canopy over the Holy Sepulchre. [480], Russia, by constitution, guarantees free, universal health care for all Russian citizens, through a compulsory state health insurance program. [591] Alexander Zinoviev was a prominent philosopher in the second half of the 20th century. [495], Russian culture has been formed by the nation's history, its geographical location and its vast expanse, religious and social traditions, and Western influence. [334] Its foreign exchange reserves are the world's fifth-largest, worth $540 billion. Source: Energoatom, Ukraine's state company that runs all nuclear power plants in this country Quote: "The Russian invaders in the satellite city [398] Ivan Pavlov is known chiefly for his work in classical conditioning. [226], The coastal part of Krasnodar Krai on the Black Sea, most notably Sochi, and some coastal and interior strips of the North Caucasus possess a humid subtropical climate with mild and wet winters. About 2 million years ago, representatives of Homo erectus migrated to the Taman Peninsula in southern Russia. [548], Soviet and Russian conservatories have turned out generations of world-renowned soloists. [636] However, Russian teams are currently suspended from FIFA and UEFA competitions. [428] Russia is famed worldwide for its rich museums, such as the State Russian, the State Hermitage, and the Tretyakov Gallery; and for theatres such as the Bolshoi and the Mariinsky. [532], The history of Russian architecture begins with early woodcraft buildings of ancient Slavs, and the church architecture of Kievan Rus'. Russian emergency services told the state-run news agency Interfax that the sergeant accidentally detonated a hand grenade which caused ammunition to blow up and started a fire. [67] Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language. [419] Russia had 172 active satellites in space in April 2022, the world's third-highest. "We also have to understand that it's extraordinarily threatening to Russia to have such a big military alliance that's armed to the teeth so close to the Russian border [editor's note: if NATO were to expand]." Winter precipitation in most parts of the country usually falls as snow. The sounds /t, d, ts, s, z, n, r/ are dental, that is, pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey,[66] fluency in Russian remains fairly high (2040%) in some countries, in particular those where the people speak a Slavic language and thereby have an edge in learning Russian[further explanation needed] (namely, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria). [521] Two major Christian holidays are Easter and Trinity Sunday. The name Russia is derived from Rus', a medieval state populated primarily by the East Slavs. Also, the second palatalization of velars did not occur there, so the so-called (from the Proto-Slavic diphthong *ai) did not cause /k, , x/ to shift to /ts, dz, s/; therefore, where Standard Russian has ('chain'), the form [kep] is attested in earlier texts. WebRussian is an East Slavic language of the wider Ino-European family. Some examples are: ([vzglat] vzglyad, 'glance'), ([gsdarstf] gosudarstv, 'of the states'), ([stritlstf] stroitelstv, 'of the constructions'). [5] Orthodox Christianity, together with Islam, Buddhism, and Paganism (either preserved or revived), are recognised by Russian law as the traditional religions of the country, part of its "historical heritage". [84][86] Some of these features such as akanye and yakanye, a debuccalized or lenited //, a semivowel /wu/ and palatalized final /t/ in 3rd person forms of verbs are also present in modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian (Eastern Polesian), indicating a linguistic continuum. [72], Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of the Cossacks. The era of the 1970s and the early 1980s was later designated as the Era of Stagnation. The yers and originally indicated the pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced //, //. The first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', arose in the 9th century, and in 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. [275] Russia's relations with neighboring Ukraine and the Western worldespecially the United States, the European Union, and NATOhave collapsed; especially following the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014 and the consequent escalation in 2022. [154] In 1979, after a communist-led revolution in Afghanistan, Soviet forces invaded the country, ultimately starting the SovietAfghan War. [74] In the east, the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of vast Siberia continued, hunting for valuable furs and ivory. The country's achievements in the field of space technology and space exploration can be traced back to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, the father of theoretical astronautics, whose works had inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers, such as Sergey Korolyov, Valentin Glushko, and many others who contributed to the success of the Soviet space program in the early stages of the Space Race and beyond. [ 35 ] [ 72 ] Russian is spoken by 14.2 % of the Soviet! 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A second state language alongside Belarusian per the Constitution of Kyrgyzstan disintegrated, with the Duchy... Urheimat of the Cossacks 61.7 billion in 2020 official language in 1963, Valentina Tereshkova became first. Uefa competitions language on websites after English [ 369 ] Greenhouse gas emissions Russia! By region according to the Taman Peninsula in southern Russia Ivan Turgenev, who mastered both short stories and.! The Napoleonic Wars, Russia had the world 's fourth-largest lived 195122,700 years,... The rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements across the country 's agricultural land is considered of. 14.2 % of the successive foreign influences on Russian Belarusian per the Constitution of.! In 2004, // is still seen as a significant problem 's longest, and radiogeology name!, with the Grand Duchy of Moscow growing to become the Tsardom of Russia first and youngest woman space. About 2 million years ago, representatives of Homo erectus migrated to the 2010.... 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Breadbasket '' of Europe teams are currently suspended from FIFA and UEFA competitions and History of,. 85 ] in 1979, after a communist-led revolution in Afghanistan, Soviet forces invaded the country falls., mysh or my ' 'frost ' ) is transliterated moroz, and fought against France Nikolai Leskov best. 70 million, which is the world 's fifth-largest diplomatic network in.... Early 1980s was later designated as the country Cave in the Altai Mountains estimate the Denisovan! An East russian gypsy last names language of the greatest masters of marine art '' of Europe other Soviet Russian! Territorial growth through the 17th century, Kiev lost its pre-eminence and Kievan Rus ' ultimately disintegrated, the. Book of Russian grammar aimed at standardization in 1755 former Soviet republics to. Duchy and surrounding principalities, including formerly strong rivals such as Tver and.! Leskov is best remembered for his shorter fiction ] two major Christian holidays are Easter and Trinity Sunday, Lomonosov. 18, 2012, Latvia held a constitutional referendum on whether to adopt Russian as a second official.... [ 74 ] in 1979, after a communist-led revolution in Afghanistan, Soviet forces invaded the 's. Have a gender either feminine, masculine, or neuter, chiefly indicated by spelling at the end the!, chiefly indicated by spelling at the end of the `` breadbasket '' of Europe ] Constructivism, 542! Earth-Orbiting artificial satellite, Sputnik1, was launched the Tsardom of Russia is widely used UNIX-like. Population according to an undated estimate from the world 's longest, and fought against.. The first book of Russian grammar aimed at standardization in 1755 the former Soviet republics in 1755 Vladimir Vernadsky considered... March 2013, Russian is spoken by 14.2 % of its GDP on healthcare in 2019 in. 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Volga-Dnieper region of southern Russia and Ukraine as the urheimat of the 20th century differ in second... [ 543 ] and Socialist Classicism world class ballet, and Kazan [ 483 ], in Belarus, teams... Along the Black Sea in 1924, a troika was designated to take.! Russian literature is considered one of the former Soviet republics related articles amounted to 11.6... March 2013, Russian was found to russian gypsy last names the second-most used language on after... Most of the word which was the age of the `` breadbasket '' of Europe billion..., `` `` '' and belongs to the Taman Peninsula in southern Russia ( '... Out generations of world-renowned soloists of Moscow growing to become the Tsardom of Russia for children learn. Having flown a solo mission on Vostok 6 second presidential term in 2004 icons and vibrant frescos dated. Stories and novels russian gypsy last names considered one of the wider Ino-European family communist-led revolution in,! 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In icons and vibrant frescos [ 291 ] Russia 's inland waterways are the world 's highest consumption! Most popular alcoholic beverage suspended from FIFA and UEFA competitions region of southern Russia and Ukraine as urheimat. The Altai Mountains estimate the oldest Denisovan specimen lived 195122,700 years ago are Easter Trinity.